In addition, mediators downstream of NF-κB, such as IL-6, which has been shown to promote cancer growth in inflammation-associated cancer models through STAT3 activation, and chemokines, which promote leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis in gastrointestinal neoplasia (Karin, 2006), were increased in Tir8/Sigirr-deficient mice treated with AOM and DSS. This evidence concerns the gene SIGIRR and infectious otitis media.