Intact pro-insulin and pro-insulin/(insulin/c-peptide) ratio assessments are arguably the best current marker to assess β-cell stress/dysfunction and have previously been correlated insulin resistance and the progression of T2DM[70,71] and have also been demonstrated to have some predictive power to assess T2DM converters in the IRAS study[72,73]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.