IGHE and malaria: Studies have established that IL-4 as a key regulator in malaria and three regulatory IL-4 polymorphisms (-590C/T, -34C/T and in intron-3 VNTR) have been shown to regulate serum IL-4 levels, IgG, IgE, disease progression and survival [16], [17], [18], [19], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25].