SNAP25 and injury: In conclusion, even if further experiments are necessary to fully understand the mechanisms underlying retrograde transport and transcytosis of BoNT/A, our both ex vivo and in vitro findings, showing that BoNT/A induces analgesic action on neuropathic pain and that exerts its action also through the cleavage of SNAP-25 in astrocytes and on the proliferation of SC after nerve injury, open new exciting view on the large variety of biological effects exerted by this versatile molecules.