ZNF346 and infection: In the current study, three genes coding for COI1, F-box family protein, and JAZ protein, respectively, were differentially regulated in the resistant grapevine upon infection by E. necator, compared with the susceptible grapevine (Figure 4B), suggesting that these genes may interact with other genes through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and contribute to the defense response to E. necator.