However this condition may have been induced by different factors, such as sodium sensitivity, which is an important condition in the African population.77 It is also notable that, although black South Africans had higher blood pressures, vascular resistance, and fibrinogen and leptin levels than their Caucasian counterparts, the relationships of these markers with obesity were markedly weaker than those of Caucasians, suggesting that the mechanisms to elucidate the weaker correlations of cardiovascular indices and obesity in the African population remain unresolved.32 Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.