TWNK and ptosis: Individuals harbouring recessively inherited compound heterozygous RRM2B mutations (Patients 19, 20, 21 and 22) presented at an earlier age (mean age of onset 7 years) with a more severe and multisystem disorder, whereas patients with single heterozygous mutations, inferring autosomal-dominant transmission, had a later average age of disease onset (46 years), as is seen with PEO1 mutations (Horvath et al., 2006), and developed a predominantly myopathic phenotype consisting of PEO, ptosis, proximal muscle weakness and bulbar dysfunction, with exceptions noted (Patients 3 and 14).