Translation initiation is activated in cancer through increase in eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), eIF4G, phosphorylated eIF4E-binding protein (p4E-BP1) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), and decreased programmed cell death protein 4 (pdcd4), a translational inhibitor. This evidence concerns the gene RPS6 and cancer.