IGHE and asthma: In support of this idea, we found that neutralization of TNF-α attenuated production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, specific IgE, TNF-α and PAR-2 expression by alveolar macrophages, and airway remodeling, and these features can be seen even it was administered after establishment of GCE induced allergic inflammation, suggesting that anti-TNF-α treatment may be an important candidate for treatment of asthma.