CXCL12 and atrial fibrillation: For instance, AF-CM [139] and AMS-CM [140] both reinstated blood flow in a murine hindlimb ischemia model, and AF-CM increased perfusion to an ischemic skin flap [141] likely owing to the presence of proangiogenic growth factors and cytokines, including VEGF, SDF-1, and TGF-ß present within the media.