ALPI and Sepsis: In clinical trials in humans, exogenous Alpi exerted protective anti-inflammatory effects on patients after cardiopulmonary surgery (Kats et al., 2009), patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (Lukas et al., 2010), and patients with severe sepsis or septic shock (Heemskerk et al., 2009; Pickkers et al., 2012).