To understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying CTS-induced improvement of cognitive deficits in db/db mice, we first examined the effects of CTS on type 2 diabetes-related AKT and PKC signaling by measuring unphosphorylated and phosphorylated levels of AKT and PKCα in the hippocampus (Figure 6). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and Cognitive impairment.