CASR and osteoporosis: Additionally, previous investigations of CASR polymorphisms have found evidence against associations with many traits including, vitamin D levels [61], osteoarthritis [19], osteoporosis [19] or hip BMD [19,20], as well as no[19] or only modest [20] associations with lumbar spine BMD; however, there is some evidence that their effects on BMD may be modified by birth-weight [62].