TNF and parasitic infectious disease: We have published a genetic association study of this phenotype analyzing fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on genes encoding toll-like-receptor (TLR)-2, 4 and 9 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lymphotoxin-α (LTA) and reported significant correlation of blood parasitemia with TLR4 non-synonymous and TNF-α promoter polymorphisms in Indian patients with mild malaria [21].