CCL2 and malaria: To investigate a potential role for UA in malaria pathogenesis, we first measured the levels of ten cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, sTNFRII, IL-8, IP-10, TNFα, IFNγ, GM-CSF and IL-1β) that other studies [18]–[23] have implicated in the development of severe malaria in humans.