The purpose of this study was 1) to examine the associations of SHBG and testosterone with type 2 diabetes by sex among a Japanese population, independent of traditional diabetes risk factors, if such associations exist, 2) to evaluate whether the associations are independent of the fatty liver index (FLI), a validated measure of fatty liver, and 3) to examine whether sexual-dimorphism exists in the associations. The gene discussed is SHBG; the disease is diabetes mellitus.