Reasons for this discrepancy between the mRNA and protein data include the following: i) CCL3 protein secretion may be transcriptionally regulated by factors other than IFI16 during HSV-1 infection in monocyte-derived macrophages or ii) CCL3 induction at the later time point is partly due to other virally induced factors, such as induced TNF-α [30], which we have previously found to be secreted 5 h after infection [5]. This evidence concerns the gene IFI16 and infection.