CAV1 and cardiomyopathy: Cav-1/3 double KO mice displayed a severe cardiomyopathy, with a dramatic increase in left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, decreased LV fractional shortening, disorganized, and degenerated cardiomyocyte ultrastructure, chronic interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, and augmentation of ANP expression as compared with Cav-1-KO, Cav-3 KO, and wild-type mice (Park et al., 2002).