IGF1 and carcinoma: Indeed, we found that 50% and 64% of co-cultures with CAF from low-grade (grade 1 or 2) carcinomas responded to antibodies blocking IGF-1 and TGF-β1, respectively, whereas all co-cultures with CAF from high-grade (grade 3) carcinomas failed to respond to these inhibitors (Fig. 4A, Table S3).