When evaluating all cases collectively, blocking antibodies to FGF-2, HB-EGF, heparanase-1, MT1-MMP, SDF-1 and TGF-β1 significantly diminished carcinoma cell growth stimulation (Fig. 4A, B) and this effect was antibody dose-dependent (Fig. S4A–G). Here, HPSE is linked to carcinoma.