TNF and melanoma: To examine the role of TNF-α-mediated stromal inflammation in tumor growth, we used a syngeneic tumor model of B16-F1 murine melanoma established in wild-type (WT) mice and mice with immune dysfunction as a result of germline deletions of both TNF-α receptors (TNFR 1, 2−/−, herein referred to as knockout [KO]).