Three studies performed multivariate analysis: Castle et al [36] (N = 142) found an AOR of 0.84 with 95% CI 0.37–1.6 (adjusted for age, number of pregnancies and number of cigarettes) for the association between BV and cervical lesions, Schiff et al [14] (N = 437) an AOR of 1.6 with 95% CI 1.0–2.7 (adjusted for age, age at first intercourse, lifetime number of sex partners), and Spinillo et al [21] (N = 566) an AOR of 1.55 with 95% CI 1.0–2.39 (adjusted for CD4 <200/mm3 and detectable blood HIV-1 RNA). Here, CD4 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.