GMNN and carcinoma: Suppression of Gmnn expression by siRNA in cells derived from a variety of carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, glioblastomas, and osteosarcomas induces DNA re-replication, DNA damage, a DNA damage response, and finally apoptosis (Melixetian et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2004; Tachibana et al., 2005; Zhu and Dutta, 2006), whereas under the same conditions, suppression of Geminin in cells derived from normal human tissues does not prevent their continued proliferation (Zhu and Depamphilis, 2009).