These Nrf2 activators are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative diseases (Calabrese et al. 2010; Hu et al. 2010; Kundu and Surh 2010; Kwak and Kensler 2010; Hybertson et al. 2011; Negi et al. 2011; Perumal and Khan 2012). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.