We also suggested previously that IFN may modulate and influence the establishment and maintenance of persistent infections with PIV5 by favouring the formation of virus cytoplasmic bodies (which have been shown to contain genomic RNA), and that these may be sites at which the virus can establish a quiescent infection, hiding both from innate intracellular antiviral responses and adaptive immune responses (Carlos et al., 2009; Chatziandreou et al., 2002b; Fearns et al., 1994). The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is infection.