Despite this small window of opportunity to further reduce annexin A5 targeting, in the patients with type 1 diabetes the effect of ischemic preconditioning was significantly affected by the experimental condition (hyperglycemic/normoinsulinemic or normoglycemic/hyperinsulinemic), consistent with a direct effect of hyperglycemia on the efficacy of ischemic preconditioning to prevent targeting of annexin A5. This evidence concerns the gene ANXA5 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.