HLA-C and diabetic cardiomyopathy: Notably, although the normal systemic metablic state in MHC- PPARα mice was not affected by treatment with APS, compared with the significant reversal of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in db/db mice after therapy with APS, the prevention of cardiac dysfunction and myocardial lipotoxicity in the APS-treated MHC-PPARα mice is almost the same with that in the APS-treated db/db diabetic mice, which in turn further demonstrated that therapy with APS could rescue diabetic cardiomyopathy directly, independent of its influence on the systemic metabolic disorders.