Moreover, although therapy with APS had evident influence on the systematic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in db/db mice, the beneficial effect of APS treatment on the normalization of cardiac glucose and FFA metabolic derangements were the same in db/db hearts and MHC-PPARα hearts, indicating that APS might benefit cardiac substrate metabolism directly in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Here, HLA-C is linked to diabetic cardiomyopathy.