MAPK1 and cancer: Discrepant effects of PPARγ on EMT replicate discrepancies that have been seen with different mouse models of colorectal carcinogenesis with some models showing cancer protection by PPARγ activation while others displaying cancer-promoting effects [115] and may be explained by differences in cellular context, expressed by quantitative and qualitative differences in activity status of other parallel pathways such as the TGFβ, the MEK/ERK, and the PI3K/Akt pathways.