Some of these genes have previously been implicated in glioma, including four with a role in adhesion and/or migration, CD9, ST6GALNAC5, SYNM and TES [49-52], and two transcriptional regulators, FOXG1 and CEBPB. FOXG1, which has been proposed to act as an oncogene in glioblastoma by suppressing growth-inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor β [53], showed remarkably strong expression in all 16 GNS cell lines assayed by qRT-PCR. Here, TES is linked to central nervous system cancer.