Elevated concentrations of cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) and IFNγ have been reported in mouse models of dopaminergic (DAergic) denervation [1,2] as well as in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum of PD patients [2-6]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Parkinson disease.