REN and liver dysplastic nodule: To date, the most effective treatments for diabetic nephropathy (DN) are the antihypertensive drugs, particularly those that target the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-1 receptor antagonists, or their combination.25,30,31 Although these treatments may retard the progressive decline in renal function in diabetes, clinical trials suggest that there is no effective treatment for DN.8