MAPK3 and melanoma: For example, Villanueva and associates[9] demonstrated switching to ARAF and CRAF mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation, and upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) survival signalling with chronic BRAF inhibition in melanoma cells.