TNF and myeloid sarcoma: NA released from SNS nerve endings binds to β2-adrenergic receptors on monocytes/macrophages.26 Binding transduces cAMP-mediated signals that reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α.26 NA protects against EAE,26 suggesting that melanocortin-induced NA release may be relevant in MS, a notion reinforced by findings with the β2-adrenergic agonist albuterol which, as an add-on to glatiramer acetate, strikingly reduces MS relapses.27