PDLIM5 and substance abuse: No significant association was observed between PDLIM5 mRNA expression and duration of illness (F=1.156, p =0.37), previous non-compliance (F=0.233, p=0.638), or previous substance abuse (F=0.644, p=0.437), but a positive trend was observed towards a significant association with a family history of mental illness (F=3.427, p =0.087), as indicated by the finding that 45% of the patients had a history of mental disease.