AR and atherosclerosis: [4] hAR expression increased atherosclerosis in diabetic mice [14], [15] and its inhibition was also protective. [15] Mice normally have much lower levels of AR than humans. [4], [16] Transgenic AR expression has been proposed to “humanize” the mouse hear t [4], [16] and reproduce actions of AR found in man. In contrast inhibition of the low levels and activity of AR expressed in non-transgenic mice may be toxic to blood vessels. [17]