The results showed that the myocardial TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1 levels were positively correlated with the body weight loss (TNF-α, r = 0.6414, P = 0.0005; IL-6, r = 0.6185, P = 0.001; IL-1β, r = 0.5148, P = 0.0085; MCP-1, r = 0.6169, P = 0.0010) and heart pathological score (TNF-α, r = 0.8771; IL-6, r = 0.9009; IL-1β, r = 0.7935; MCP-1, r = 0.8174; all P<0.0001) (Figure 1E), which confirming the essential participation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathology of CVB3-induced myocarditis. Here, TNF is linked to myocarditis.