MDM4 and glioblastoma: Amplified genes included several genes (MDM4, PDGFRA, EGFR, CDK4, and MDM2) whose amplification has been previously associated with the pathogenesis of GBM [8], [18], [36], [37]; in addition, other candidate genes were also found to be amplified at both the DNA and RNA levels and thus, to be potentially relevant in the pathogenesis of GBM.