Patients with known vitamin D deficiency had a significant (p = 0.023) 50% increase in the average number of γ-H2AX foci/cell compared with those not known to have vitamin D deficiency (5.99±0.90 vs. 4.00±0.27) (Fig. 3A is a box plot depicting those with vitamin D deficiency compared to those with no known vitamin D deficiency). This evidence concerns the gene H2AX and vitamin D deficiency.