INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Evidence for the destruction of pancreatic islet cells by IL-1 was first provided for type 1 diabetes [36], but in type 2 diabetes IL-1ß and other proinflammatory cytokines also disrupt insulin signaling, and IκB kinase ß links obesity-induced IR and inflammation through activation of NFκB [37], [38].