HSPD1 and hepatitis B virus infection: Elevated levels of circulating Hsp60 have been associated with a number of disease states including type 2 diabetes [6], hepatitis B [7], cardiovascular disease [8], atherosclerosis [4], [9], colorectal cancer [10], periodontitis [11] and juvenile idiopathic arthritis [12], with circulating levels also reported to be remarkably constant over time [13].