The survival ratio of ESCs was 100%, 85.7%, 73.7%, 31.8% and 20.3% when treated by CSO-SA/PEDF with a dose of 0 ng/ml, 0.2 ng/ml, 0.4 ng/ml, 0.8 ng/ml and 1.6 ng/ml, respectively (Fig. 8). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINF1 and craniosynostosis.