For example, in subject #3, very high titers of anti-gastric ATP4B autoantibodies (i.e. 590,100 LU) were present at age 2 and these antibodies were detectable much earlier than anti-islet autoantibodies that arose at almost age 8 or subsequent development of T1D at age 13 (Figure 4D). Here, ATP4B is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.