HPSE and chronic kidney disease: Heparanase/creatinine levels were elevated three- and four-fold in the urine of CKD and transplanted patients (307.2±95, 950±155, and 1008±134 ng heparanase/gr creatinine in average for control, CKD, and transplanted patients, respectively; Fig. 1A, Table 1), an elevation that is highly significant (p<0.0001 for control vs. CKD and control vs. transplanted patients; Fig. 1A, Table 1).