On the other hand, PPARγ agonists show dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines, and this effect is augmented by the simultaneous addition of 9-cis retinoic acid; flow cytometry demonstrates G1 cell cycle arrest and a significant increase of annexin V-positive cells, suggesting that induction of apoptosis together with G1 cell cycle arrest may be one of the mechanisms of the antiproliferative effect of PPARγ activation in human gastric cancer cells [23]. This evidence concerns the gene ANXA5 and gastric cancer.