PTOV1 and Atrophy: The increasing evidence aimed at linking PIA, inflammation and PCa extends to findings involving the role of corpora amylacea (22), the expression of the prostate tumor overexpressed-1 (PTOV1) gene in atrophy (23), the involvement of immune regulatory cells (e.g., TH17 cells) and cytokines, and the influence of a number of PCa-associated polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene (reviewed in refs. 17 and 24).