For example, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the myosin heavy chain type II isoform A (MYH9)-Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene region were found to be associated with ESRF in African Americans [2], [3], whilst several associations have been identified between SNPs and CKD or markers of decreased renal function, such as SNPs near genes involved in nephrogenesis, e.g. ALMS1, or solute transport, e.g. SLC7A9, that were associated with CKD [4]. The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.