Some of the most promising markers in RCC are in fact proteins, such as B7-H1 and insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3, that have been shown in RCC to have strong, independent prognostic ability, have been externally validated and add value to existing nomograms [59,60], yet appear to have stalled at this point in the 'biomarker pipeline' (Figure 3). Here, CD274 is linked to renal cell adenocarcinoma.