IGF1 and alcohol dependence: Since pharmaceutical agents such as peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists that can restore insulin/IGF sensitivity while reducing oxidative stress, already exist and have proven benefits for treating alcohol-related liver and brain disease [44,45,46], determining whether ALPN is also mediated by impaired insulin/IGF signaling would provide opportunities to explore novel and alternative treatments for this disease.