TGFB1 and Epstein-Barr virus infection: Xu et al. [34] found TGF-β1 level in the serum of nasopharyngeal cancer patients was significantly higher than that in normal persons, and also the advanced stage was higher than the early stage, and recurrent tumors was higher than primary tumors, which indicating that serum TGF-β1 can be used for diagnosis and judgment for prognosis of NPC, and EBV infection can induce the synthesis and release of TGF-β1.