TGFβ has a variety of cellular effects which can either protect against atherosclerosis (e.g., inhibition of SMC migration [30]) or promote atherosclerosis (e.g., inhibition of EC migration [31] and induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on EC [32], summarised in Figure 1(a)). Here, TGFB1 is linked to atherosclerosis.