TGFB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Such an induction of FMT-related processes by synergic activation of TGF-β/GSK-3β signaling was previously seen in mouse mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells [44], mouse embryonic fibroblasts [25], and pulmonary fibroblasts from individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [45].